DNA damage was inflicted by either a two-photon excitation, one-photon excitation microbeam and X-rays. However, PtCl proved to be a more sensitive viscosity probe, by virtue of microsecond phosphorescence lifetime versus nanosecond fluorescence lifetime of FP, hence greater sensitivity to bimolecular reactions. We show using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM) that the lifetime of both green and red fluorescent proteins (FP) are also sensitive to changes in cellular viscosity and refractive index. The phosphorescence lifetime of PtCl is sensitive to viscosity and provides an excellent tool to investigate the impact of DNA damage. We demonstrate the use of a platinum complex, PtCl, that localizes efficiently mostly in the nucleus as a probe for nuclear viscosity. Yet how drugs including DNA-damaging agents affect viscosity is unknown. Changes in viscosity are associated with several diseases, whilst nuclear viscosity determines gene integrity, regulation and expression. Cytoplasmic viscosity is a crucial parameter in determining rates of diffusion-limited reactions.
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